Roberts Literature

Robert’s Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 10th Edition

Intro to Roberts’ Literature: What is it? How does it work?:

Roberts, An Intro lecture: https://youtu.be/pl3JyNKTsNQ

Stories:

-Alice Walker’s Everyday Use, Page 6:

Everyday, A: https://youtu.be/lNU9EoM-n6Q

Everyday, B: https://youtu.be/LR3Zcy0r1c8

Everyday, C: https://youtu.be/51UkftVOq60

-Ambrose Bierce’s An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, Page 83:

Owl, A: https://youtu.be/ZSn7ZRpevCI

Owl, B: https://youtu.be/5zBgQvAx1g0

Owl, C: https://youtu.be/plNPH6nHGQw

Owl, D: https://youtu.be/MFLJX8qWmMU

-William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, Page 91:

Rose, A: https://youtu.be/PuMC83R9sbI

Rose, B: https://youtu.be/aT-7ZNeMHNU

Rose, C: https://youtu.be/FiQxTkTUNww

Rose, D: https://youtu.be/3WbG7Qh6684

Rose, E: https://youtu.be/7YRYJsrGkrI

-Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Page 97:

-Luigi Pirandello’s War, Page 107:

-Sherman Alexie’s This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona, Page 129:

-Raymond Carver’s Neighbors, Page 137:

-Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, Page 140:

-Jamaica Kincaid’s What I Have Been Doing Lately, Page 146:

-Lorrie Moore’s How to Become a Writer, Page 148:

-T. Coraghessan Boyle’s Greasy Lake, Page 168:

-Raymond Carver’s Cathedral, Page 174:

-Susan Glaspell’s A Jury of Her Peers, Page 183:

-Katherine Mansfield’s Miss Brill, Page 196:

-Guy De Maupassant’s The Necklace, Page 200:

Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace, A: https://youtu.be/T36XqBAV5uE

Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace, B: https://youtu.be/NX-m2H_AdNQ

Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace, C: https://youtu.be/27lnFVIhnl0

Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace, D: https://youtu.be/c5HYcT4j4rk

Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace, E: https://youtu.be/FFYagvqPWXY

-Amy Tan’s Two Kinds, Page 206:

-Mark Twin’s Luck, Page 213:

-Stephen Crane’s The Blue Hotel, Page 229:

-James Joyce’s Araby, Page 246:

Araby: http://youtu.be/4VyU3WZ3Xsg

-Lu Hsun’s My Old Home, Page 250:

-Yukio Mishima’s Swaddling Clothes, Page 256:

-Cynthia Ozick’s The Shawl, Page 260:

-Ralph Ellison’s Battle Royal, Page 274:

-Ha Jin’s Saboteur, Page 284:

-Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Interpreter of Maladies, Page 291:

-Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where Have You Been?, Page 303:

-Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path, Page 314:

Worn Path, A: https://youtu.be/pY2T-WBhvn0

Worn Path, B: https://youtu.be/jWfXqgbxc74

Worn Path, C: https://youtu.be/bCMSvZG33jQ

Worn Path, D: https://youtu.be/Z3A1g9eAR2c

-Tom Whitecloud’s Blue Winds Dancing, Page 320:

-Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour, page 337:

Story, A: https://youtu.be/00Z-Txb2Cw0

Story, B: https://youtu.be/N59rZO1HXP0

Story, C: https://youtu.be/2BXiRkk64Qs

Story, D: https://youtu.be/ZSzRcwoLZoE

-William Faulkner’s Barn Burning, Page 339:

-Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants, Page 350:

-Alice Munro’s The Found Boat, Page 354:

-Frank O’Connor’s First Confession, Page 361:

-Daniel Orozco’s Orientation, Page 366:

-John Updike’s A&P, Page 370:

-Aesop’s The Fox and the Grapes, Page 388:

-The Myth of Atalanta, Page 388:

-Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, Page 390:

-Franz Kafka’s A Hunger Artist, Page 398:

-Luke’s The Parable of the Prodigal Son, Page 404:

Son, A: https://youtu.be/cMfUfOgB3kU

Son, B: https://youtu.be/YOp7aQI905I

-Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Page 406:

-Katherine Anne Porter’s The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, Page 410:

Granny, A: https://youtu.be/BxIZoCXK2Ps

Granny, B: https://youtu.be/aS2Rqh_bENo

Granny, C: https://youtu.be/f3ZcDp9l82k

Granny, D: https://youtu.be/D90ooGstgpE

-John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums, Page 416:

-James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues, Page 443:

-Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson, Page 462:

-Anton Chekhov’s The Lady with the Dog, Page 467:

-D.H.Lawrence’s The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, Page 477:

-Americo Paredes’ The Hammon and the Beans, Page 487:

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher, Page 505:

Usher, A: https://youtu.be/GIKxtY13l3c

Usher, B: https://youtu.be/LqtocYFKxOg

Usher, C: https://youtu.be/xcehxAaykOE

Usher, D: https://youtu.be/jX2tuE5Yx7M

Usher, E: https://youtu.be/KfZyJ3mz4_w

Usher, F: https://youtu.be/QTNeP-ul2ak

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death, Page 516:

Red Death, A: https://youtu.be/UpC4158EQk4

Red Death, B: https://youtu.be/1sPWiyI8FHQ

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat, Page 519:

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, Page 525:

Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, A: https://youtu.be/tsuoCCwAxew

Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, B: https://youtu.be/UQuQOuVGbck

Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, C: https://youtu.be/RdP64JXdIGo

Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, D: https://youtu.be/u99cSBgEASU

-Chinua Achebe’s Marriage is a Private Affair, Page 549:

-John Chioles’ Before the Firing Squad, Page 554:

-Andre Dubus’ The Curse, Page 558:

-Dagoberto Gilb’s Love in L.A., Page 562:

-Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, Page 565:

Yellow: http://youtu.be/5g2qRwltZAY

-Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Page 575:

-Tillie Olsen’s I Stand Here Ironing, Page 584:

-Z.Z. Packer’s Brownies, Page 589:

-Petronius’ The Widow of Ephesus, Page 602:

-Tobias Woolf’s Powder, Page 604:

Poems:

-Billy Collins’ Schoolsville, Page 642:

Schoolsville: https://youtu.be/idhQ0TRVZD0

-Lisel Mueller’s Hope, Page 644:

Hope: https://youtu.be/chQ4FRYszjk

-Robert Herrick’s Here a Pretty Baby Lies, Page 645:

Here a Pretty Baby Lies: https://youtu.be/9BngOMaqlp4

-Anonymous’ Sir Patrick Spens, Page 649:

Sir Patrick Spens: https://youtu.be/ZkpaanvmcEw

-Gwendolyn Brooks’ The Mother, Page 652:

Gwendolyn Brooks’ The Mother: https://youtu.be/y9S65DkDuao

-Emily Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death, Page 653:

Because I Could Not Stop For Death: http://youtu.be/TfHn8x9_0Ak

-Robert Francis’ Catch, Page 654:

Robert Francis’ Catch: https://youtu.be/CWQETKvsf5Q

-Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Page 655:

Woods, A: https://youtu.be/H-tIJDQitbs

Woods, B: https://youtu.be/uh2_-PG31X0

-Thomas Hardy’s The Man He Killed, Page 656:

Thomas Hardy’s The Man He Killed: https://youtu.be/HuxP9-mnNio

-Joy Harjo’s Eagle Poem, Page 657:

Eagle Poem: https://youtu.be/dRY68QPUlqA

-Randall Jarrell’s The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner, Page 658:

Gunner, A: https://youtu.be/9lsDnuPHsrA

Gunner, B: https://youtu.be/fo8wqsoBvws

Gunner, C: https://youtu.be/oH7MRVmN03I

-Ben Jonson’s On My First Daughter, Page 658:

On My First Daughter: https://youtu.be/ugpVwI15oag

-Emma Lazarus’ The New Colossus, Page 659:

The New Colossus: https://youtu.be/XMkqFCvSRgI

-Louis Macneice’s Snow, Page 659:

Snow: https://youtu.be/yuuCYz-5J0M

-Jim Northrup’s Ogichidag, Page 660:

Ogichidag: https://youtu.be/c1gdGb5cfkY

-Naomi Shihab Nye’s Where Children Live, Page 661:

Where Children Live: https://youtu.be/KdtPA_AeKSk

-Octavio Paz’s Two Bodies, Page 662:

Two Bodies: https://youtu.be/tc8sZA-fSCM

-Phil Rizzuto’s They Own the Wind, Page 662:

They Own the Wind: https://youtu.be/b4HOWs_nwTo

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments, Page 663:

Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments: https://youtu.be/CGM8uLIBJPA

-Percy Bysshe Shelley’s To—(“Music,When Soft Voices Die”), Page 664:

To—(“Music,When Soft Voices Die”): https://youtu.be/NApyr6o9jeg

-Elaine Terronova’s Rush Hour, page 664:

Rush Hour: https://youtu.be/tB7hKVwRQ9A

-Robert Graves’ The Naked and the Nude, Page 681:

The Naked and the Nude: https://youtu.be/h0-yL2UW_Qk

-William Blake’s The Lamb, Page 682:

Lamb: http://youtu.be/DdGLn93YHvM

-Robert Burns’ Green Grow the Rashes, O, Page 683:

Green Grow the Rashes, O: https://youtu.be/VW3xRXJXJn0

-Lewis Carroll’s Jabberwocky, Page 684:

Jabberwocky: https://youtu.be/ozCmvSru3Xc

-Hayden Carruth’s An Apology for Using the Word “Heart” in Too Many Poems, Page 685:

An Apology for Using the Word “Heart” in Too Many Poems: https://youtu.be/ylvdjMlCSJ0

-E.E. Cummings’ next to of course god america i, Page 686:

next to of course god america i: https://youtu.be/GMwLSfw3_hQ

-John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God, Page 687:

Holy Sonnet 14, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God: https://youtu.be/wnxYvOBde3E

-Richard Eberhart’s The Fury of Aerial Bombardment, Page 688:

The Fury of Aerial Bombardment: https://youtu.be/TdHiiFDZK8E

-Bart Edelman’s Chemistry Experiment, Page 688:

Chemistry Experiment: https://youtu.be/ZGnmTT1d_Z0

-Thomas Gray’s Sonnet on the Death of Richard West, Page 689:

Sonnet on the Death of Richard West: https://youtu.be/Tg4ly90-Vns

-Jane Hirshfield’s The Lives of the Heart, Page 690:

The Lives of the Heart: https://youtu.be/8BuqDanyhGg

-A.E. Housman’s Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now, Page 691:

Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now: https://youtu.be/ANNPJ91XxMc

-Carolyn Kizer’s Night Sounds, Page 692:

Night Sounds: https://youtu.be/tH5aqmt9ntM

-Denise Levertov’s Of Being, Page 693:

Of Being: https://youtu.be/XpCiMmEA5-o

-Eugenia Montale’s English Horn, Page 693:

English Horn: https://youtu.be/90vyUa1tcVw

-Judith Ortiz Cofer’s Latin Women Pray, Page 694:

Latin Women Pray: https://youtu.be/cO2CN6RceZc

-Henry Reed’s Naming of Parts, Page 695:

Naming of Parts: https://youtu.be/aIb2Trvw1N8

-Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Richard Cory, Page 696:

Robinson, A: https://youtu.be/-YiHve6liIw

Robinson, B: https://youtu.be/LZhKUnyPEu8

-Theodore Roethke’s Dolor, Page 697:

Dolor: https://youtu.be/UpL54NJwRLA

-Kay Ryan’s Crib, Page 697:

Crib: https://youtu.be/ZlTD-1MmCXs

-Stephen Spender’s I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great, Page 698:

I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great: https://youtu.be/ImoVGUrbrnQ

-Wallace Stevens’ Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock, Page 699:

Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock: https://youtu.be/DFYH1X8QGB0

-Mark Strand’s Eating Poetry, Page 699:

Eating Poetry: https://youtu.be/NEZ5pj9UYq4

-William Wordsworth’s Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud): Page 700:

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud: https://youtu.be/h87hXwopWvs

-Anonymous’ Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow?, Page 709:

Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow?: https://youtu.be/PWQhiBVxvdM

-Anonymous’ Bonny George Campbell, Page 709:

Bonny George Campbell: https://youtu.be/x16aBfiGBCA

-Ben Jonson’s Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes, Page 711:

Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes: https://youtu.be/c565JJMnEIs

-Ben Jonson’s To the Reader, Page 712:

To the Reader: https://youtu.be/7_rm9Z2zZJ4

-Lisel Mueller’s Alive Together, Page 714:

Alive Together: https://youtu.be/CqXOmH-dSbk

-Sherman Alexie’s On the Amtrak from Boston to New York, Page 716:

On the Amtrak from Boston to New York: https://youtu.be/Shrvi-lNaYE

-Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach, Page 718:

Dover: http://youtu.be/_1gTTWqMh4E

-William Blake’s London, Page 719:

London: https://youtu.be/9OY0T05lxk4

-Elizabeth Brewster’s Where I Come From, Page 720:

Where I Come From: https://youtu.be/n6pD0VOIHZE

-Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess, Page 720:

Last Duchess: http://youtu.be/XsOg-Lr9DoY

-William Cowper’s The Poplar Field, Page 722:

The Poplar Field: https://youtu.be/OV9qQprZsMQ

-Allen Ginsberg’s A Further Proposal, Page 723:

A Further Proposal: https://youtu.be/N3mciFKJxnE

-Louse Gluck’s Snowdrops, Page 724:

Snowdrops: https://youtu.be/tI5VQWdRmPg

-Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Page 724:

Churchyard A: https://youtu.be/aVyNw5Rjq_w

Churchyard B: https://youtu.be/G3wOvWVAS0U

Churchyard C: https://youtu.be/Zsb7xL2QQzo

-Thomas Hardy’s The Ruined Maid, Page 728:

The Ruined Maid: https://youtu.be/77wYRgP505w

-Garrett Hongo’s The Legend, Page 729:

The Legend: https://youtu.be/okZx_2NAN8Y

-Dorianne Laux’s The Life of Trees, Page 730:

The Life of Trees: https://youtu.be/EMDO8Auqvmk

-C. Day Lewis’ Song, page 731:

Song: https://youtu.be/UyLlef0k-i4

-Robert Lowell’s Memories of West Street and Lepke, Page 732:

Memories of West Street and Lepke: https://youtu.be/UBxcqjs9vGc

-Christopher Marlowe’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, Page 733:

Shepherd: http://youtu.be/XdYf_sW3L6Y

-Joyce Carol Oates’ Loving, Page 734:

Loving: https://youtu.be/IUs1V20oiQ0

-Sir Walter Raleigh’s The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd, Page 735:

Reply: http://youtu.be/XdYf_sW3L6Y

-Christina Rossetti’s A Christmas Carol, Page 736:

A Christmas Carol: https://youtu.be/j2ysWPwo9PM

-Jane Shore’s A Letter Sent to Summer, Page 737:

A Letter Sent to Summer: https://youtu.be/bS3szoYkT-Y

-William Wordsworth’s Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, Page 738:

Tintern A: http://youtu.be/KcAKQSEROtc

Tintern B: http://youtu.be/iBVDGuLDTvk

-James Wright’s A Blessing, Page 742:

A Blessing: https://youtu.be/WlC6fDW5U74

-John Mansfield’s Cargoes, Page 753:

Cargoes: https://youtu.be/K7xKiWkOHCs

-Wilfred Owen’s Anthem for Doomed Youth, Page 754:

Doomed: http://youtu.be/dWP4ruz-e9s

-Elizabeth Bishop’s The Fish, Page 756:

The Fish, A: https://youtu.be/5KSKh1nfE0I

The Fish, B: https://youtu.be/d_zWDqj611s

-Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me, Page 759:

Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me: https://youtu.be/6WUXyj1WdKg

-Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Kubla Khan, Page 759:

Khan: http://youtu.be/vKbL7ULHGhs

-T.S. Eliot’s Preludes, Page 761:

Prelude: http://youtu.be/mpq64Aar2As

-Louise Erdrich’s Indian Boarding School: The Runaways, Page 762:

Indian Boarding School: The Runaways: https://youtu.be/WvnEkdbaemM

-Susan Griffin’s Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields, Page 763:

Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields: https://youtu.be/0qmR3Bc3OYU

-Thomas Hardy’s Channel Firing, Page 765:

Channel Firing: https://youtu.be/D5bW-3e5fj8

-George Herbert’s The Pulley, Page 766:

The Pulley: https://youtu.be/JpS-Doe5aWw

-Gerard Manley Hopkins’ Spring, Page 767:

Spring: https://youtu.be/xVkeArESNNc

-A.E. Housman’s On Wenlock Edge, Page 767:

On Wenlock Edge: https://youtu.be/5Lsm5mfdFeQ

-Denise Levertov’s A Time Past, Page 768:

A Time Past: https://youtu.be/vR28G7bkCrI

-Thomas Lux’s The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently, Page 769:

The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently: https://youtu.be/8dS-bEbcuQE

-Eugenio Montale’s Buffalo (Buffalo), Page 770:

Buffalo: https://youtu.be/fS3etzN0so8

-Marianne Moore’s The Fish, Page 771:

The Fish: https://youtu.be/aEZDSNyIlz0

-Pablo Neruda’s Every Day You Play, Page 772:

Every Day You Play: https://youtu.be/Vw4ssYBWayI

-Octavio Paz’s The Street, Page 774:

The Street: https://youtu.be/FlWlkV6eugw

-Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro, Page 774:

Metro: https://youtu.be/yEBh8-glsio

-Miklos Radnoti’s Forced March, Page 775:

Forced March: https://youtu.be/QzsTdNtwTwg

-Friedrich Ruckert’s If You Love for the Sake of Beauty, Page 776:

If You Love for the Sake of Beauty: https://youtu.be/mACWBKeRLF0

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun, Page 776:

Sonnet 130, A: https://youtu.be/7rRJMn6dPz0

Sonnet 130130, B: https://youtu.be/Zqk0PFdgo4o

-Stephen Stepanchev’s Seven Horizons, Page 777:

Seven Horizons: https://youtu.be/xyYlqpmU23Y

-James Tate’s Dream On, Page 778:

Dream On: https://youtu.be/sJxVa3EsAcU

-David Wojahn’s “It’s Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It”: The Fall of Saigon, Page 778:

“It’s Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It”: The Fall of Saigon: https://youtu.be/vXcNQG1b2XI

-John Keats’ On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer, Page 789:

Homer: http://youtu.be/fBZXwx5DgIA

-John Keats’ Bright Star, Page 792:

Bright Star: https://youtu.be/Cw1J830YfqI

-John Gay’s Let Us Take the Road, page 794:

-Jack Agueros’ Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine, Page 795:

-William Blake’s The Tyger, Page 796:

Tyger, A: http://youtu.be/DdGLn93YHvM

Tyger, B: Sr B Blake, 2

-Robert Burn’s A Red, Red Rose, Page 797:

-John Donne’s A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Page 798:

Mourning, A: https://youtu.be/TUQ9eBef9ww

Mourning, B: https://youtu.be/xV4SVPC8Cvo

-Abbie Huston Evans’ The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under, Page 799:

-Thomas Hardy’s The Convergence of the Twain, Page 800:

-Joy Harjo’s Remember, Page 803:

-John Keats’ To Autumn, Page 802:

-Maurice Kenny’s Legacy, Page 804:

-Jane Kenyon’s Let Evening Come, Page 805:

-Henry King’s Sic Vita, Page 806:

-Robert Lowell’s Skunk Hour, Page 806:

-Judith Minty’s Conjoined, Page 808:

-Pablo Neruda’s If You Forget Me, Page 809:

-Mary Oliver’s Showing the Birds, Page 810:

-Marge Piercy’s A Work of Artifice, Page 811:

-Muriel Rukeyser’s Looking at Each Other, Page 812:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?, Page 812:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought, Page 813:

Sonnet 30: https://youtu.be/hpATkJAFQxY

-Elizabeth Tudor’s On Monsieur’s Departure, Page 814:

-Mona Van Duyn’s Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri, Page 814:

-Deborah Warren’s Clay and Flame, Page 815:

-Walt Whitman’s Facing West from California’s Shores, Page 816:

-William Wordsworth’s London, 1802, Page 817:

London: Sr B Wordsworth's Prelude and London

-Sir Thomas Wyatt’s I Find No Peace, Page 817:

-Cornelius Whur’s The First-Rate Wife, Page 828:

-Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est, Page 829:

Dulce: https://youtu.be/BsJ6iTeYgDg

-Thomas Hardy’s The Workbox, Page 832:

-Alexander Pope’s Epigram from the French, Page 834:

-Alexander Pope’s Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness, Page 835:

-William Blake’s On Another’s Sorrow, Page 836:

-Jimmy Carter’s I wanted to Share My Father’s World, Page 837:

-Lucille Clifton’s homage to my hips, Page 838:

-Billy Collins’ The Names, Page 839:

-E.E. Cummings’ she being Brand/-new, Page 840:

-Bart Edelman’s Trouble, Page 841:

-Martin Espada’s Bully, Page 842:

-Mari Evan’s I Am a Black Woman, Page 844:

-Seamus Heaney’s Mid-Term Break, Page 845:

-William Ernest Henley’s When You Are Old, Page 846:

-David Ignatow’s The Bagel, Page 846:

-Yusuf Komunyakaa’s Facing it, Page 847:

-Abraham Lincoln’s My Childhood’s Home, Page 848:

-Pat Mora’s La Migra, Page 849:

-Sharon Olds’ The Planned Child, Page 850:

-Robert Pinsky’s Dying, Page 851:

-Alexander Pope’s from Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue, Page 852:

-Salvatore Quasimodo’s Auschwitz, Page 853:

-Anne Ridler’s Nothing is Lost, Page 855:

-Theodore Roethke’s My Papa’s Waltz, Page 856:

-William Shakespeare’s Fear No More the Heat o’ th’ Sun, Page 857:

-Cathy Song’s Lost Sister, Page 858:

-Jonathan Swift’s A Description of the Morning, Page 859:

-David Wagoner’s My Physics Teacher, Page 860:

-C.K. Williams’ Dimensions, page 861:

-William Wordsworth’s The Solitary Reaper, Page 862:

-William Butler Yeats’ When You Are Old, Page 863:

Old: http://youtu.be/73jxp3EbJ6M

-Gwendolyn Brooks’ We Real Cool, Page 887:

-Robert Browning’s Porphyria’s Lover, Page 888:

Lover: http://youtu.be/869lBGsnt58

-Emily Dickinson’s To Hear an Oriole Sing, Page 889:

-John Donne’s The Sun Rising, Page 890:

-Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Concord Hymn, Page 891:

Hymn: http://youtu.be/0JIjg05jAqU

-Isabella Gardner’s At a Summer Hotel, Page 892:

-Robert Herrick’s Upon Julia’s Voice, Page 893:

-Gerald Manley Hopkins’ God’s Grandeur, Page 893:

Gods: http://youtu.be/iapSIXOe2vE

-John Hall Ingham’s George Washington, Page 894:

-Philip Levine’s A Theory of Prosody, Page 894:

-Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Sound of the Sea, Page 895:

-Herman Melville’s Shiloh: A Requiem, Page 896:

-Ogden Nash’s, Very Like a Whale, Page 896:

-Edgar Allan Poe’s Annabel Lee, Page 898:

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Bells, Page 899:

The Bells: https://youtu.be/QGnCQH1b18Q

-Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man, Epistle 1, Page 902:

Essay on Man A: https://youtu.be/4brQQswze_g

Essay on Man B: https://youtu.be/emMSiZQHiIY

-Wyatt Prunty’s March, Page 904:

-Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Miniver Cheevy, Page 904:

-Christina Rosetti’s Echo, Page 906:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold, Page 906:

-Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, Page 907:

West Wind: http://youtu.be/5auJbgWYNu8

-Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s from Idylls of the King: The Passing of Arthur, Page 910:

-David Wagoner’s March for a One-Man Band, Page 911:

-Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s The Eagle, Page 928:

The Eagle: https://youtu.be/0xgCn6TuAbc

-Anonymous’ Spun in High, Dark Clouds, Page 932:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds, page 933:

116, A: https://youtu.be/5lnl5OmB_eA

116, B: https://youtu.be/E6WupWdzOpg

-Walt Whitman’s Reconciliation, Page 935:

-E.E. Cummings’ Buffalo Bill’s Defunct, Page 937:

-George Herbert’s Colossians 3:3 (Our Life Is Hid with Christ in God), Page 938:

-George Herbert’s Easter Wings, Page 939:

-Charles Harper Webb’s The Shape of History, Page 940:

-John Hollander’s Swan and Shadow, Page 941:

-William Heyen’s Mantle, Page 942:

-May Swenson’s Women, Page 943:

-Carolyn Forche’s The Colonel, Page 944:

-Elizabeth Bishop’s One Art, Page 945:

One Art: https://youtu.be/pW4AekqWmmk

-Billy Collins’ Sonnet, Page 946:

-John Dryden’s To the Memory of Mr. Oldham, Page 947:

-Robert Frost’s Desert Places, Page 947:

-Allen Ginsberg’s A Supermarket in California, Page 948:

-Robert Hass’ Museum, Page 949:

-George Herbert’s Virtue, Page 950:

-John Keats’ Ode to a Nightingale, Page 951:

Fears and Nightingale: http://youtu.be/2q1ndtyOC4E

-Yusuf Komunyakaa’s Grenade, Page 953:

-Magus Magnus’ Empirical/Imperial Demonstration, Page 954:

-Claude McKay’s In Bondage, Page 955:

-John Milton’s On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent), Page 955:

On His Blindness: https://youtu.be/qMT9TxLc-zM

-Dudley Randall’s Ballad of Birmingham, Page 956:

-Theodore Roethke’s The Waking, Page 957:

-George William Russell’s Continuity, Page 958:

-Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Ozymandias, Page 959:

Ozymandias: http://youtu.be/NhalxYBSSUM

-Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, Page 959:

Gentle: http://youtu.be/q949_0uj7HM

-Jean Toomer’s Reapers, Page 960:

Reapers: https://youtu.be/6C3NLhqu7mA

-Phyllis Webb’s Poetics Against the Angel of Death, Page 961:

-William Carlos Williams’ The Dance, Page 961:

-Virginia Scott’s Snow, page 972:

-Emily Bronte’s No Coward Soul is Mine, Page 978:

-Arthur Hugh Clough’s Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth, Page 979:

-John Donne’s The Canonization, Page 981:

-Stephen Dunn’s Hawk, Page 982:

-Denise Levertov’s Hunting the Phoenix, Page 1037:

-May Sarton’s The Phoenix Again, Page 1038:

-Muriel Rukeyser’s Myth, Page 1040:

-John Updike’s On the Way to Delphi, Page 1040:

-E.E. Cummings’ in Just-, Page 1042:

-John Chipman Farrar’s Song for a Forgotten Shrine to Pan, Page 1043:

-Robert Frost’s Pan with Us, Page 1043:

-Emily Dickinson’s After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes, Page 1058:

-Emily Dickinson’s The Bustle in a House, Page 1059:

-Emily Dickinson’s The Heart is the Capital of the Mind, Page 1059:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Cannot Live with You, Page 1059:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Died for Beauty-But Was Scarce, Page 1060:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Dwell in Possibility, Page 1061:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Felt A Funeral in My Brain, Page 1061:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died, Page 1062:

Buzz: http://youtu.be/lVVo1K4wtgE

-Emily Dickinson’s I Like to See It Lap the Miles, Page 1062:

-Emily Dickinson’s I’m Nobody! Who Are You?, Page 1062:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Never Lost as Much but Twice, Page 1063:

-Emily Dickinson’s I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed, Page 1063:

-Emily Dickinson’s Much Madness Is Divinest Sense, Page 1063:

Madness: https://youtu.be/JtPaJMgKZwU

-Emily Dickinson’s My Life Closed Twice Before It’s Close, Page 1064:

Closed: http://youtu.be/x-jx4MQOg50

-Emily Dickinson’s My Triumph Lasted Till the Drums, Page 1064:

-Emily Dickinson’s One Need Not be a Chamber—To Be Haunted, Page 1064:

-Emily Dickinson’s Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers, Page 1065:

-Emily Dickinson’s Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church, Page 1065:

-Emily Dickinson’s The Soul Selects Her Own Society, Page 1066:

Selects: http://youtu.be/eG1Pxq7FngE

-Emily Dickinson’s Success Is Counted Sweetest, page 1066:

Success A: http://youtu.be/r3IuDXe34VQ

Success B: http://youtu.be/qYsX1sP2eEU

-Emily Dickinson’s Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant, Page 1066:

Tell: https://youtu.be/EP1BxtR-OhY

-Emily Dickinson’s There’s a Certain Slant of Light, Page 1066:

Light: http://youtu.be/F-4MyomIx50

-Emily Dickinson’s Triumph May Be of Several Kinds, Page 1067:

-Emily Dickinson’s Wild Nights—Wild Nights!, Page 1067:

-Robert Frosts’ The Tuft of Flowers, Page 1092:

-Robert Frosts’ Mending Wall, Page 1094:

Wall, A: https://youtu.be/7Z4CT-ccjPY

Wall, B: https://youtu.be/xOw3AYSa88Q

Wall, C: https://youtu.be/C7eIEubvJY0

-Robert Frosts’ Birches, Page 1095:

Birches, A: https://youtu.be/VPucU422lRA

Birches, B: https://youtu.be/Md_SGyE8oOk

-Robert Frosts’ The Road Not Taken, Page 1096:

Road: https://youtu.be/QYUj1SzJKnI

-Robert Frosts’ “Out, Out—“, Page 1096:

Out, A: https://youtu.be/-vHoz7OpXEw

Out, B: https://youtu.be/XkCzDZAeCPE

-Robert Frosts’ The Oven Bird, Page 1097:

-Robert Frosts’ Fire and Ice, Page 1097:

Fire A: https://youtu.be/XWO9MOyEfdw

Fire B: https://youtu.be/KEse7L6qPAs

-Robert Frosts’ Misgiving, Page 1098:

-Robert Frosts’ Nothing God Can Stay, Page 1098:

-Robert Frosts’ Acquainted with the Night, Page 1098:

Acquainted, A: https://youtu.be/JS_WXl7d_aY

Acquainted, B: https://youtu.be/kh0oMHjpEu8

-Robert Frosts’ The Silken Tent, Page 1099:

-Robert Frosts’ The Gift Outright, Page 1100:

Gift: https://youtu.be/Q0ZUIsWrit8

-Robert Frosts’ A Considerable Speck, Page 1100:

-Robert Frosts’ Take Something Like a Star, Page 1101:

-Langston Hughes’ Bad Man, Page 1105:

-Langston Hughes’ Cross, Page 1106:

-Langston Hughes’ Dead in There, Page 1106:

-Langston Hughes’ Dream Variations, Page 1107:

Variations: https://youtu.be/0t0PQftitk8

-Langston Hughes’ Harlem, Page 1107:

-Langston Hughes’ Let America Be America Again, Page 1107:

-Langston Hughes’ Madam and Her Madam, Page 1109:

-Langston Hughes’ Negro, Page 1110:

-Langston Hughes’ The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Page 1111:

Rivers, A: https://youtu.be/cUkceh3D-OM

Rivers, B: https://youtu.be/FG1R473St-s

-Langston Hughes’ 125th Street, Page 1111:

-Langston Hughes’ Po’ Boy Blues, Page 1111:

-Langston Hughes’ Silhouette, Page 1112:

-Langston Hughes’ Subway Rush Hour, Page 1112:

-Langston Hughes’ Theme for English B, Page 1112:

-Langston Hughes’ The Weary Blues, Page 1113:

Weary: https://youtu.be/NgBD3PaogXI

-Sylvia Plath’s Ariel, Page 1119:

-Sylvia Plath’s The Colossus, Page 1120:

-Sylvia Plath’s Cut, Page 1121:

-Sylvia Plath’s Daddy, Page 1122:

-Sylvia Plath’s Edge, Page 1124:

-Sylvia Plath’s The Hanging Man, Page 1125:

-Sylvia Plath’s Lady Lazarus, Page 1125:

-Sylvia Plath’s Last Words, Page 1127:

-Sylvia Plath’s Metaphors, Page 1128:

-Sylvia Plath’s Mirror, Page 1128:

Mirror: https://youtu.be/jncGB9xBlAg

-Sylvia Plath’s The Rival, Page 1129:

-Sylvia Plath’s Song for a Summer’s Day, Page 1129:

-Sylvia Plath’s Tulips, Page 1130:

-AI’s Conversation, Page 1134:

-Anna Akhmatova’s Willow, Page 1135:

-Maya Angelou’s Still I Rise, Page 1136:

-Anonymous’ (Navajo) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant, Page 1137:

-Anonymous’ Lord Randal, Page 1137:

-Margaret Atwood’s Variation on the Word Sleep, Page 1138:

-W. H. Auden’s The Unknown Citizen, Page 1139:

Unknown Citizen, A: https://youtu.be/WkDuKE11CD4

Unknown Citizen, B: https://youtu.be/LAFJjF4-yQM

Unknown Citizen, C: https://youtu.be/Bg4ER0c6vFU

-Wendell Berry’s Another Descent, Page 1140:

-Louise Bogan’s Women, Page 1140:

-Arna Bontemps’ A Black Man Talks of Reaping, Page 1141:

Reaping: https://youtu.be/kvei2nApUmU

-Jorge Luis Borges’ The Art of Poetry, Page 1141:

-Anne Bradstreet’s To My Dear and Loving Husband, Page 1142:

Dear: http://youtu.be/FgpQr_t1dt0

-Emily Bronte’s Love and Friendship, Page 1142:

-Gwendolyn Brooks’ Primer For Blacks, Page 1143:

-Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee, Page 1144:

Sonnet 43: https://youtu.be/uRdKGXIY1ys

-Robert Browning’s Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, Page 1144:

-William Cullen Bryant’s To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe, Page 1146:

-George Gordon, Lord Byron’s She Walks in Beauty, Page 1147:

Beauty: http://youtu.be/9Dlj1vYDNv8

-Leonard Cohen’s “The killers that run...”, Page 1148:

-Billy Collins’ Days, Page 1149:

-Stephen Crane’s Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind, Page 1150:

-Robert Creeley’s “Do you think...”, Page 1150:

-E.E. Cummings’ if there are any heavens, Page 1151:

-Carl Dennis’ The God Who Loves You, Page 1152:

-John Donne’s The Good Morrow, Page 1153:

-John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud, Page 1154:

Holy Sonnet 10: https://youtu.be/Z0CCxG7iIiw

-John Donne’s A Hymn to God the Father, Page 1154:

-Paul Laurence Dunbar’s Sympathy, Page 1154:

-T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Page 1155:

“Prufrock”, A: https://youtu.be/Tc9yLJORWNI

“Prufrock”, B: https://youtu.be/5PwRby55g2c

“Prufrock”, C: https://youtu.be/xWUNhGptzoQ

“Prufrock”, D: https://youtu.be/_iia1vgGuxI

“Prufrock”, E: https://youtu.be/DmxQF_wWH9w

“Prufrock”, F: https://youtu.be/wvUYyV7v-CQ

-James Emanuel’s The Negro, Page 1159:

-Chief Dan George’s The Beauty of the Trees, Page 1159:

-Nikki Giovanni’s Poetry, Page 1160:

-Daniel Halpern’s Snapshot of Hue, Page 1161:

-Daniel Halpern’s Summer in the Middle Class, Page 1161:

-Frances E. W. Harper’s She’s Free!, Page 1162:

-Michael S. Harper’s Called, Page 1162:

-Robert Hass’ Spring Rain, Page 1163:

-Robert Hayden’s Those Winter Sundays, Page 1164:

-Robert Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, Page 1164:

To The Virgins: Sr A, Coy and Virgins

-A.D. Hope’s Advice to Young Ladies, Page 1165:

-Gerard Manley Hopkins’ Pied Beauty, Page 1166:

-Carolina Hospital’s Dear Tia, Page 1167:

-Robinson Jeffers’ The Answer, Page 1167:

-Donald Justice’s On the Death of Friends in Childhood, Page 1168:

-John Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn, Page 1168:

Urn: http://youtu.be/42UcZaXCRfc

-Galway Kinnell’s After Making Love We Hear Footsteps, Page 1170:

-Yahia Lababidi’s What Do Animals Dream?, Page 1171:

-Katherine Larson’s Statuary, Page 1171:

-Irving Layton’s Rhine Boat Trip, Page 1172:

-Philip Levine’s Islands, Page 1173:

-Li-Young Lee’s A Final Thing, Page 1173:

-Alan P. Lightman’s In Computers, Page 1175:

-Liz Lochhead’s The Choosing, Page 1175:

-Audre Lorde’s Every Traveler Has One Vermont Poem, Page 1176:

-Amy Lowell’s Patterns, Page 1177:

-Archibald Macleish’s Ars Poetica, Page 1179:

Ars: https://youtu.be/iYFtE4dse7I

-Magas Magnus’ Radical Crumb, Page 1180:

-Claude McKay’s The White City, Page 1181:

-Edna St. Vincent Millay’s What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why, Page 1181:

-N. Scott Momaday’s The Bear, Page 1182:

-Marianne Moore’s Poetry, Page 1182:

-Lisel Mueller’s Monet Refuses the Operation, Page 1183:

-Howard Nemerov’s Life Cycle of Common Man, Page 1184:

-Jim Northrup’s wahbegan, Page 1185:

-Mary Oliver’s Ghosts, Page 1186:

-Simon Ortiz’s A Story of How a Wall Stands, Page 1188:

-Dorthy Parker’s Resume, Page 1188:

-Linda Pastan’s Ethics, Page 1189:

-Linda Pastan’s Marks, Page 1189:

-Molly Peacock’s Desire, Page 1190:

-Marge Piercy’s The Secretary Chant, Page 1190:

-Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, Page 1191:

The Raven, A: https://youtu.be/mwckS9X9hjE

The Raven, B: https://youtu.be/iGV703u3T38

-Adrienne Rich’s Diving into the Wreck, Page 1193:

-Alberto Rios’ The Vietnam Wall, Page 1195:

-Luis Omar Salinas’ In a Farmhouse, Page 1196:

-Sonia Sanchez’s rite on: white america, Page 1197:

-Carl Sandburg’s Chicago, Page 1197:

Chicago A: https://youtu.be/CWxHuW2VRBc

Chicago B: https://youtu.be/4HcJlWGMVvQ

-Siegfried Sassoon’s Dreamers, Page 1198:

-Alan Seeger’s I Have a Rendezvous with Death, Page 1199:

-Brenda Serotte’s My Mother’s Face, Page 1199:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes, Page 1200:

-William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, the Center of My Sinful Earth, Page 1200:

-Karl Shapiro’s Auto Wreck, Page 1201:

-Leslie Marmon Silko’s Where Mountain Lio Lay Down with Deer, Page 1201:

-Stevie Smith’s Not Waving but Drowning, Page 1202:

Drowning: http://youtu.be/h6qxcXA3adA

-Gary Soto’s Oranges, Page 1203:

-William Stafford’s Traveling Through the Dark, page 1204:

Traveling: https://youtu.be/aMpIEFQhF3c

-Gerald’s Stern’s Burying an Animal on the Way to New York, Page 1204:

-Wallace Stevens’ The Emperor of Ice-Cream, Page 1205:

-May Swenson’s Question, Page 1205:

-Dylan Thomas’ A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London, Page 1206:

-Daniel Tobin’s My Uncle’s Watch, Page 1207:

-Chase Twichell’s Blurry Cow, Page 1208:

-John Updike’s Perfection Wasted, Page 1208:

-Tino Villanueva’s Day-Long Day, Page 1209:

-Judith Viorst’s True Love, Page 1210:

-Shelly Wagner’s The Boxes, Page 1210:

-Alice Walker’s Revolutionary Petunias, Page 1211:

-Edmund Waller’s Go, Lovely Rose, Page 1212:

-Bruce Weigl’s Song of Napalm, Page 1213

-Phillis Wheatley’s On Being Brought from Africa to America, Page 1214:

-Walt Whitman’s Beat! Beat! Drums!, Page 1214:

-Walt Whitman’s Dirge for Two Veterans, Page 1215:

-Walt Whitman’s Full of Life Now, Page 1216:

-Walt Whitman’s I Hear America Singing, Page 1216:

Hear: https://youtu.be/5d7A3vkkXnA

-John Greenleaf Whittier’s The Bartholdi Statue, Page 1216:

-Richard Wilbur’s Love Calls Us to the Things of the World, page 1217:

-William Carlos Williams’ The Red Wheelbarrow, Page 1218:

Red, A: https://youtu.be/xAVk5nTcBns

Red, B: https://youtu.be/2vmuJlhszmI

Red, C: https://youtu.be/6YxW0mLxIwY

-William Butler Yeats’ The Wild Swans at Coole, Page 1218:

Swans: http://youtu.be/bJg_9pGyflE

-Lisa Zaran’s Go On, Page 1219:

-Paul Zimmer’s The Day Zimmer Lost Religion, Page 1220:

Plays:

-Anonymous’ The Visit to the Sepulcher, Page 1243:

-Edward Albee’s The Sandbox, Page 1253:

-Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, Page 1259:

-Betty Keller’s Tea Party, Page 1271:

-Jane Martin’s Beauty, Page 1276:

-Eugene O’Neill’s Before Breakfast, Page 1281:

-Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Page 1314:

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, A: https://youtu.be/_GfLOUCglNw

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, B: https://youtu.be/gPB5DbYAZsQ

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, C: https://youtu.be/S0ZPGXlWr60

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, D: https://youtu.be/rmpsoqaaYnc

Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, E: https://youtu.be/2BXkvEacn04

-William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Page 1355:

Intro to Shakespeare: http://youtu.be/ZWSGY6hgd8E

Intro to Hamlet: http://youtu.be/1ivBziLZQ8A

Hamlet 1:

Hamlet, Act 1, A: http://youtu.be/-ufPaHeBs8w

Hamlet, Act 1, B:http://youtu.be/ehHD9BsHqoQ

Hamlet 1, C: http://youtu.be/SINqqz6XIQA

Hamlet 1, D: http://youtu.be/JaiQBqNQWkM

Hamlet 2:

Hamlet 2: A: http://youtu.be/fxf4fFx0zQY

Hamlet 2: B: http://youtu.be/cSndnoBAS8c

Hamlet 2: C: http://youtu.be/OPeg7YmWw1Y

Hamlet 2: D: http://youtu.be/sOn2IkqmZJA

Hamlet 2, E:http://youtu.be/c8HudRIvD2c

Hamlet 2, F:http://youtu.be/FQTzR-vP6QM

Hamlet 3:

Hamlet 3, A: http://youtu.be/gpMv2HA1bAs

Hamlet 3, B: http://youtu.be/NxOhbDPHdzo

Hamlet 3, C: http://youtu.be/YVP_xnRZF4g

Hamlet 3, D: http://youtu.be/ERnnIHWmpRI

Hamlet 3, E: http://youtu.be/cVTqG6wrR8A

Hamlet 3, F: http://youtu.be/0Ar2j91zhjo

Hamlet 4:

Hamlet 4, A: http://www.schooltube.com/video/2a81fe0384fe4c788d1c

Hamlet 4, B:

http://www.schooltube.com/video/d841a4e00c3b4342bc4b

Hamlet 4: C

http://www.schooltube.com/video/aeade1cf7f0147cab333/AP,%20Hamlet%204

Hamlet 5:

Hamlet 5, A: http://youtu.be/yjM_ugYx_68

Hamlet 5, B: http://youtu.be/bRHDVNhyO5A

Hamlet 5 C: http://youtu.be/VlLcU3dn90M

-Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Page 1456:

-William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Page 1538:

Intro to Midsummer Night’s Dream, A: https://youtu.be/D9b8VLvl74g

Intro to Midsummer Night’s Dream, B: https://youtu.be/y3cnK6V__ag

-Anton Chekhov’s The Bear, A Joke in One Act, Page 1594:

-Langston Hughes’ Mulatto, Page 1618:

-Luis Valdez’ Los Vendidos, Page 1640:

-Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, Page 1650:

-August Wilson’s Fences, Page 1701:

-Henrik Ibsen’s A Dollhouse, Page 1758:

Critical Approaches Important in the Study of Literature: